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    <title><![CDATA[Children and Youth in History]]></title>
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    <pubDate>Wed, 11 Aug 2021 03:21:27 +0000</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Advice of an Aztec Mother to Her Daughter [Document]]]></title>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún recorded this text in the mid-16th century as part of an effort to gather information about native Aztec history and customs. Sahagún went to Mexico in 1529 as one of the first missionaries assigned to the newly conquered territory of New Spain. He remained there until his death, preaching and instructing youth in Spanish, Latin, science, religion, and music. He acquired mastery of the Aztec language and collected information to help missionaries and government officials convert the indigenous people to Christianity.</p> 
<p>The 12-volume manuscript included text, illustrations, and a grammar of the Aztec language. Completed in 1569, authorities in Spain did not want the work published in New Spain for fear of encouraging the continuation of indigenous practices. It was first published in 1829 as <em>Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España</em>, with an English translation in 1831.</p>
<p>The advice given to a young daughter, likely near marriageable age, in this excerpt reflects the Aztec (Nahua) philosophy of personal balance in earthly life. Moral, psychological, and physical health related to well-being, righteousness, and purity. Compare this advice with the counsel offered to young boys. In what ways does the advice for daughters differ from that of sons, and how does each relate to the principle of balance and the dangers of earthly life?</p>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Bernardino de Sahagún, <em>Historia de Nueva España</em>, Lib. VI., Cap. XIX, "Advice of an Aztec Mother to Her Daughter," in William Hickling Prescott, Wilfred Harold Munro, William Robertson, and George Ticknor, <em>The Works of William H. Prescott</em> (J. B. Lippincott, 1904), Appendix, Part II.  (accessed March 5, 2009). Annotated by Susan Douglass.</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>My beloved daughter, very dear little dove, you have already heard and attended to the words which your father has told you. They are precious words, and such as are rarely spoken or listened to, and which have proceeded from the bowels and heart, in which they were treasured up; and your beloved father well knows that you are his daughter, begotten of him, are his blood, and his flesh; and God our Lord knows that it is so. Although you are a woman, and are <em>the image of your father</em>, what more can I say to you than has already been said? What more can you hear than what you have heard from your lord and father, who has fully told you what it is becoming for you to do and to avoid. . . .</p>
<p>Nevertheless, that I may do towards you my whole duty, I will say to you some few words—The first thing that I earnestly charge upon you is, that you observe and do not forget what your father has now told you, since it is all very precious. . . . If God gives you life, with these same words will you teach your sons and daughters, if God shall give you them. The second thing that I desire to say to you is, that I love you much, that you are my dear daughter. Remember that nine months I bore you in my womb, that you were born and brought up in my arms. I placed you in your cradle, and in my lap, and with my milk I nursed you. . . .</p>
<p>Take care that your garments are such as are decent and proper; and observe that you do not adorn yourself with much finery, since this is a mark of vanity and of folly. As little becoming is it, that your dress shall be very mean, dirty, or ragged; since rags are a mark of the low, and of those who are held in contempt. Let your clothes be becoming and neat, that you may neither appear fantastic nor mean. When you speak, do not hurry your words from uneasiness, but speak deliberately and calmly. Do not raise your voice very high, nor speak very low, but in a moderate tone. Neither mince, when you speak, nor when you salute, nor speak through your nose; but let your words be proper, of a good sound, and your voice gentle. Do not be nice in the choice of your words. In walking, my daughter, see that you behave becomingly, neither going with haste, nor too slowly; since it is an evidence of being puffed up, to walk too slowly, and walking hastily causes a vicious habit of restlessness and instability. Therefore neither walk very fast, nor very slow; yet when it shall be necessary to go with haste, do so,—in this use your discretion. And when you may be obliged to jump over a pool of water, do it with decency, that you may neither appear clumsy nor light. When you are in the street, do not carry your head much inclined, or your body bent; nor as little go with your head very much raised; since it is a mark of ill breeding; walk erect, and with your head slightly inclined. Do not have your mouth covered, or your face, from shame, nor go looking like a near-sighted person, nor, on your way, make fantastic movements with your feet. Walk through the street quietly, and with propriety. Another thing that you must attend to, my daughter, is, that, when you are in the street, you do not go looking hither and thither, nor turning your head to look at this and that; walk neither looking at the skies, nor on the ground. . .</p>
<p>Download the full text of the document as pdf 
<a class="external" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/images/
Handout-Advice of an Aztec Mother to Her Daughter.pdf">here.</a></p>
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                                    <div class="element-text">442, 441</div>
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      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jun 2010 03:36:15 +0000</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Advice of an Aztec Father to His Sons [Document]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/442</link>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún recorded this text in the mid-16th century as part of an effort to gather information about native Aztec history and customs. Sahagún went to Mexico in 1529 as one of the first missionaries assigned to the newly conquered territory of New Spain. He remained there until his death, preaching and instructing youth in Spanish, Latin, science, religion, and music. He acquired mastery of the Aztec language and collected information to help missionaries and government officials convert the indigenous people to Christianity.</p> 
<p>The 12-volume manuscript included text, illustrations, and a grammar of the Aztec language. Completed in 1569, authorities in Spain did not want the work published in New Spain for fear of encouraging the continuation of indigenous practices. It was first published in 1829 as <em>Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España</em>, with an English translation in 1831.</p>
<p>The document illustrates elements in the socialization of boys, whose way of life and culture by the time of Sahagún had been irrevocably altered by Spanish rule. It also illustrates the importance of respect for elders, and the refinements of rhetoric in the language of the Aztecs (Nahua). The advice given to the son reflects the Aztec (Nahua) philosophy of keeping personal balance in earthly life. Moral, psychological, and physical health, were related to well-being, righteousness, and purity. Compare the father's advice about duty, public behavior, and moral responsibility to his son with 
<a class="external" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primary-sources/443">the mother's advice to her daughter</a>. In what ways does the advice for daughters differ from that of sons?</p> 

<p>Download the full text of the document as pdf 
<a class="external" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/images/
Handout-Advice of an Aztec Father to His Son.pdf">here.</a></p>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Bernardino de Sahagún (translated by Charles E. Dribble and Arthur J.O. Anderson), <em>Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain</em>, Book 6—Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy, Chapter 22 (Santa Fe: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1954), excerpts from pages 105-106; 121-126. (accessed February 15, 2010). Annotated by Susan Douglass.</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>O my son, O my youth, O boy, O servitor, listen, for our lord hath placed you here. And now, to you who are my son, who are my child, who are my precious necklace, who are my precious feather, who are my oldest, my second, my youngest son. I speak, I call out a word or two. Verily, now I form, I say, I reflect upon the word or two which I shall give thee of my motherhood, my fatherhood. I shall perform my obligation, lest tomorrow, the next day, our lord, . . . will have hidden us. Certainly no one enjoys the hard, the heavy. Certainly our living on earth is not assured. . .</p>
<p>Here is what thou art to do, what thou art to realize, that which. . . the old men, the old women…our forefathers, left as they departed. For they came to live on earth; for they came to live with others. And they came to occupy position and authority among the people. . . .</p>
<p>Behold still a word to finish my talk. Perhaps I shall deceive if I have hidden a word left by our forefathers as they departed, in order that you may dwell with others on earth, in order that you may be prudent in all things, in everything.</p>
<p>First: you are to be one who rises from sleep, one who holds vigil through the night. You are not to give yourself excessively to sleep, lest it will be said of you, lest you will be called a heavy sleeper, one who goes falling asleep, a constant sleeper, a dreamer. . . .</p>
<p>And second, you are to be prudent in your travels; peacefully, quietly, tranquilly, deliberately you are to go, to take the road, to travel. Do not throw your feet much, nor raise your feet high, nor go jumping, lest it be said of you, lest you be named fool, shameless. Neither are you to travel very slowly, nor to drag your feet, lest it be said of you that you are a dragger, you are a lout. . .</p>
<p>Also you are not to hang your head, not to incline your head much, not to stand up off balance, not to look sideways, not to look out of the corner of your eyes, lest it be said of you that you are an imbecile. . .</p>
<p>Third: you are to speak very slowly, very deliberately; you are not to speak hurriedly, not to pant, nor to squeak, lest it be said of you that you are a groaner, a gawker, a squeaker. . . .</p> 
<p>Fourth: you are to pretend not to dwell on that which is done, that which is performed. Especially you are to depart from, to forsake evil. And you are not to peer at one, not to peer into one's face, not to stare at one...especially a woman. . .</p>
<p>Fifth: Guard, take care of your ears, of that which you hear. Do not gossip; let what is said remain as said. Ignore it. Pretend not to understand the words. If you cannot ignore it, respond not. And speak not; only listen; let what is said remain as said. . . .</p>
<p>Thus this is very necessary; you are to be prudent, O my precious son. Do not die somewhere in vice, do not die somewhere in vain. Take good heed, take care; see to it that your eyes are open.</p>
<p>Sixth: when you are summoned. . . you are to arise responding, to arise quickly. If you are to be sent as a messenger, you are to run, to be swift. If you are ordered to get something, you are to get it promptly. You are to travel swiftly, to travel bounding, in no wise sluggish; like the wind are you to go. . . .</p>
<p>Seventh: as you are to array yourself, as you are to clothe yourself, you are not to dress vainly, you are not to array yourself fantastically, you are not to place upon yourself the gaudy cape, the gaudy clothing, that which is embroidered. Neither are you to put on rags, tatters, an old loosely-woven cape. . . .</p>
<p>Thus are you to tie on your cape: do not tie it on so that you go tripping over it; neither are you to shorten your cape. Moderately are you to tie it on. Nor are you to expose your shoulder. . . place on you that which is always good, proper, all fine.</p>
<p>Eighth: Listen! Above all you are to be prudent in drink, in food. . . in this wise: when you are to eat, you are not to be hasty, not to be impetuous; you are not to take excessively nor to break up your tortillas. You are not to put a large amount in your mouth; you are not to swallow it un-chewed. You are not to gulp like a dog, when you are to eat food. . . .</p>
<p>And when you are ready to eat, you are to wash your hands, to wash your face, to wash your mouth. And if somewhere you are to eat with others, do not quickly seat yourself at the eating place with others. . . . And you, when you have eaten, once again are you to wash your hands, to wash your mouth, to clean your teeth.</p>
<p>In brief, these are the words as I give you. . . as many words lie guarded. . . Our forefathers, the old men, the old women, the white-haired ones, the white-headed ones, departed leaving them. The many words—O that you could later take them to heart!. . .</p>
<p>They went saying that on earth we travel, we live along a mountain peak. Over here there is an abyss, over there is an abyss. Wherever you are to deviate, wherever you are to go astray, there will you fall, there will you fall into the deep. . .</p>

<p>Download the full text of the document as pdf <a class="external" href="">here</a>.</p> 
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            <div id="document-item-type-metadata-related-primary-sources" class="element">
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                                    <div class="element-text">441, 443</div>
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      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jun 2010 03:30:31 +0000</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[How the Aztec (Nahua) Raised Sons as Warriors [Document]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/441</link>
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                                    <div class="element-text">How the Aztec (Nahua) Raised Sons as Warriors [Document]</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún recorded this text in the mid-16th century as part of an effort to gather information about native Aztec history and customs. Sahagún went to Mexico in 1529 as one of the first missionaries assigned to the newly conquered territory of New Spain. He remained there until his death, preaching and instructing youth in Spanish, Latin, science, religion, and music. He acquired mastery of the Aztec language and collected information to help missionaries and government officials convert the indigenous people to Christianity.</p> 
<p>The 12-volume manuscript included text, illustrations, and a grammar of the Aztec language. Completed in 1569, authorities in Spain did not want the work published in New Spain for fear of encouraging the continuation of indigenous practices. It was first published in 1829 as <em>Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España</em> with an English translation in 1831.</p>
<p>The document illustrates elements in the socialization of boys who were among the nobility, whose way of life and culture by the time of Sahagún had been irrevocably altered by Spanish rule and the influence of the Catholic missionaries. Other passages in this book of the <em>Florentine Codex</em> refer to values such as chastity for boys as well as girls, the civic duties and roles of a ruler, and other personal virtues.</p>
<p>Download the full text of the document as pdf  <a class="external" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/images/Handout-How the Aztec Raised Sons as Warriors.pdf">here.</a></p>

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                                    <div class="element-text">Bernardino de Sahagún (translated by Charles E. Dribble and Arthur J.O. Anderson), <em>Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain</em>, Book 8—Kings and Lords, Chapter 21 (Santa Fe: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1954), excerpt from pages 75-77. (accessed February 2, 2010). Annotated by Susan Douglass.</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>And behold how began the life of the young boy. At first, while still a small boy, his hair was shorn. And when he was already ten years old, they then let a tuft of hair grown on the back of his head. And when he was fifteen years old, then the tuft of hair became long. [This was] when he had nowhere taken captives.</p> 
<p>And if he took a captive with the help of others, —perchance doing so with the aid of two, or of three, or four, or of five, or of six, at which point came to an end [the reckoning] that a captive was taken with others' help—then the lock of hair was removed. And this was the division of their captive: in six parts it came. The first, who was the real captor, took his body and one of his thighs—the one with the right foot. And the second who took part [in the capture] took the left thigh. And the third took the right upper arm. The fifth took the right forearm. And as for the sixth, he took the left forearm.</p> 
<p>And when the tuft on the back of his head was removed, he was shorn so that he was left [another] lock: his hair dress kept, on the right side, the hair hanging low, reaching the bottom of his ear; to one side [only] was is lock of hair set. When this [was done], he assumed another face, he appeared otherwise, so that it might be seen that he had made a captive with the help of others [and that] the tuft of hair on the back of his head had been removed.</p>
<p>And then his grandfather, or his beloved uncle, addressed him. He said to him: “My beloved grandson, the sun the lord of the earth, hath washed thy face. You have taken another face; and you have gone to throw yourself against the foe. Let them take you if, without profit, once more you take a captive with the aid of others. What would you be? Would you have a young girl's lock of hair? Take care lest you again take a captive with others' help. Cast yourself against our foes…</p>

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                                    <div class="element-text">442, 443</div>
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      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jun 2010 02:56:19 +0000</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Birth Rituals - Codex Mendoza [Painting]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/305</link>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Birth Rituals - Codex Mendoza [Painting]</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>The image from the <em>Codex Mendoza</em> (produced ca. 1535-1550) describes the Aztec birth ritual of bathing and naming the child, which, according to accounts from the 16th century, was usually held on the fourth day after birth. It was attended by the parents and kin, who gathered in the house before sunrise to feast and observe the ceremony. The midwife who aided the birth conducted the ceremony, and she is shown holding the infant. After consulting with the <em>tonalpouhqui</em>, a person knowledgeable in the sacred books would determine the sign of the child based on the moment of birth.</p>

<p>The image is a narrative, showing a sequence of events through the use of multiple images connected by dotted lines. The midwife took the infant from the cradle near its mother and carried it to a pottery vessel filled with water, placed on a mat. The midwife's counterclockwise footprints circle the mat, where two sets of symbolic objects are placed. Male infants were given a shield and arrows, tools for wood-, feather-, and metal-work, and the scribe's implements (depicted above the mat). Female children were given domestic objects: a broom, a reed basket and a spindle (depicted below the mat). The midwife performed four rituals with the water: she invoked the goddess of water and put drops of water on the baby's mouth, telling it to receive the water it needs to live upon the earth; she touched the baby's chest with her wet hand and invoked the purifying property of water that cleans the heart; she cast drops of water on the baby's head, telling the baby to let the water enter its body to dwell there. Finally, the midwife washed the child's body to keep evil away from it. After these four rites, a boy child was presented to the sky four times, calling on the sun and the astral gods, asking that he become a warrior. A girl child was not presented to the sky—a masculine god, but after the washing the midwife spoke to the cradle asking the protection of the mother goddess. Following the ceremony, the baby was given a name, often one based on the day and time of birth.</p> 

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                                    <div class="element-text"><em>Codex Mendoza</em>, prepared on the order of Don Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain, for the Emperor Charles V., Mexico; c. 1535-50, Bodleian Library, MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, fol. 57r. Annotated by Susan Douglass.</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Dana Leibsohn</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">275</div>
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        </div><!-- end element-set --><div class="item-file image-jpeg"><a class="download-file" href="/files/download/240/fullsize"><img src="/files/display/240/square_thumbnail" class="thumb" alt="Birth Rituals - Codex Mendoza [Painting]" width="250" height="250"/>
</a></div>]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2009 01:44:06 +0000</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Disciplining Children - Codex Mendoza [Painting]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/277</link>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>Aztec children were valued creations. Language used in rituals compared infants to precious stones and feathers, flakes of stone, ornaments, or sprouts of plants. The duty of parents and society, however was not to indulge but to socialize the child, so that they would not become "fruitless trees," as an Aztec proverb stated. According to sources written shortly after the Spanish conquest, such as the <em>Codex Mendoza</em>, society placed a high value on conformity, obedience, and decorum. The section of the <em>Codex Mendoza</em> that depicts daily life shows gender-specific punishments used in raising children. The image seems to show a sequence of punishments, first threatening the boy and the girl with three maguey thorns, the spike of the agave plant. In the second image, the woman is administering punishment to the girl by piercing her arm with the maguey thorn; the boy is pierced more severely in the neck, flank, and  hip, and he is bound at the wrists and ankles. In the third image, the punishment of striking the child with a stick or rod is being carried out. In each case the image shows the children weeping profusely as the threat or the punishment is administered.</p>

<p><em>Annotation written by Susan Douglass.</em></p>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><em>Codex Mendoza</em>, prepared on the order of Don Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain, for the Emperor Charles V., Mexico; c. 1535-50, Bodleian Library, MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, fol. 58v. </div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Dana Leibsohn</div>
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                    <div class="element-text-empty">[no text]</div>
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        </div><!-- end element-set --><div class="item-file image-jpeg"><a class="download-file" href="/files/download/239/fullsize"><img src="/files/display/239/square_thumbnail" class="thumb" alt="Disciplining Children - Codex Mendoza [Painting]" width="250" height="250"/>
</a></div>]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2009 17:20:44 +0000</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Gender Roles among the Nahua in the Codex Mendoza [Painting]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/276</link>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Gender Roles among the Nahua in the Codex Mendoza [Painting]</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>From the time of birth, children in Aztec, or Nahua, society were socialized into gender roles. In the birth ritual introducing the infant to society, symbolic objects clearly differentiated. Boys were to be warriors and craftsmen, and girls were to tend to domestic chores. Articles of clothing&mdash;loincloth and cape for the boy, shift and skirt for the girl&mdash;were given to the child. The umbilical cord of the boy was buried in a field to associate him with the battlefield; the girl&rsquo;s cord was buried in a corner of the house, each space signifying the sites of social productivity. The image from the <em>Codex Mendoza</em> depicts ways in which childhood socialization patterns differed for boys and girls, systematically divided into panels on the left and right sides of the page, each vignette separated from the other by a line.  In each scene, male and female adults preside over raising boys and girls, respectively. From infant to adult, children were classed into age-cohorts, each with its expectations. A ritual called <em>izcalli</em> took place every four years and involved a purification ceremony for children of that cohort in a fire with the acrid smoke from chili peppers. The image shows a small boy being held over the fire, the girl in front of it. Children were also held up by the head or neck to make them grow tall; their ears were pierced with maguey thorns for later ornaments. Other scarification rituals took place at various stages of maturity. After the age of four, children became responsible for gender-specific chores, and began to wear adult-like garments. They were socialized into patterns of speaking, showing respect, and sitting in gender-specific postures. Boys learned endurance, sleeping bound on the cold, wet ground; girls perfected sweeping rituals for purification of the house. The boy is taught to carry firewood, while the girl learns to grind maize and make tortillas. The image on the bottom shows an older boy learning to fish, and the girl weaving spun thread on a back-strap loom&mdash;both tasks that would require a child to reach a certain size and strength. These measures in early childhood may reflect brief life expectancies in which every member of the family had to contribute to the prosperity of the society.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>Annotation written by Susan Douglass.</em></p></div>
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        <h3>Source</h3>
                                    <div class="element-text"><em>Codex Mendoza</em>, prepared on the order of Don Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain, for the Emperor Charles V., Mexico; c. 1535-50, Bodleian Library, MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, fol. 60r.</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Dana Leibsohn</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">image/jpeg</div>
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        <h3>Related Primary Sources</h3>
                    <div class="element-text-empty">[no text]</div>
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        </div><!-- end element-set --><div class="item-file image-jpeg"><a class="download-file" href="/files/download/207/fullsize"><img src="/files/display/207/square_thumbnail" class="thumb" alt="Gender Roles among the Nahua in the Codex Mendoza [Painting]" width="250" height="250"/>
</a></div>]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2009 17:19:33 +0000</pubDate>
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