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    <title><![CDATA[Children and Youth in History]]></title>
    <link>http://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/browse?tag=Middle+East&amp;output=rss2</link>
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    <pubDate>Wed, 11 Aug 2021 03:25:17 +0000</pubDate>
    <managingEditor>chnm@gmu.edu (Children and Youth in History)</managingEditor>
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      <title><![CDATA[Goha Gives His Son a Lesson About People [Joke]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/440</link>
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    <h2>Dublin Core</h2>
        <div id="dublin-core-title" class="element">
        <h3>Title</h3>
                                    <div class="element-text">Goha Gives His Son a Lesson About People [Joke]</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>The anecdote is a lesson to a child who is probably at the adolescent stage of life, and very concerned with how peers and others view him. The experience of the father and son pair shows the futility of trying to act on fickle public opinion. It also plays upon ambiguities in the relationship of care and respect between parent and child at the stage of adolescence, when the parent is aging and the child takes on more responsibility to look out for the parent, in addition to bearing responsibility for behavior that reflects favorably upon the family.</p>
<p>Goha is a popular comic hero in Muslim regions of Africa and Asia, found under various names including Juha and Abu Nuwas in the jokes of North Africa and Southwest Asia. Goha is a good-natured member of the learned class of ulama' and imams (a group often satirized for their foibles), whose stories reflect Islamic values and folk wisdom. He often rides a donkey, is sometimes a rural and sometimes an urban figure who displays both poor and middle class attributes. He is an Everyman, underdog, and hero, both learned and stupid, who provides a mirror of the life and the concerns of ordinary people. The photograph is a still image from a children's television program in Afghanistan that is designed to build literacy among children in areas underserved by schools, and as a supplement to schooling. By tapping into cultural familiarity with the iconic Goha figure, the program seeks to gain acceptance for innovative ways of delivering educational content.</p>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Denys Johnson-Davies, <em>Goha</em> (Cairo: Hoopoe Books in collaboration with the British Council, 1993) <a class="external" href="http://openlibrary.org/b/OL18305296M/Goha ">http://openlibrary.org/b/OL18305296M/Goha</a> (accessed March 15, 2010). Annotated by Susan Douglass.</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>Goha had a son who was always worried about what people would think or say. The boy could  never do anything because he was always afraid that people might think him foolish. Goha wanted to show his son that it was a waste of time to worry about the opinions of others. He therefore saddled his donkey and told his son that he was going to the neighboring village.</p>
<p>Goha got on his donkey and asked his son to walk behind him. On the way they passed by some people who pointed at Goha and said, "Look at that heartless man who rides his donkey and makes his son walk."</p>
<p>When he heard this, Goha got off the donkey and asked his son to get on, while he walked. Again they passed by some people who pointed at the boy and said, "Just look at the boy who has no manners or respect for the elderly — he rides the donkey and lets his old father walk."</p>
<p>Goha thought about this, so he decided that both he and his son should now ride the donkey. Again they passed by some people who pointed at the donkey carrying both Goha and his son. "What a cruel man that is!" they said. "He has no pity for his donkey and allows both himself and his son to ride it at the same time."</p>
<p>Again Goha gave some thought to what the people had said, so he and his son got off the back of the donkey and both walked behind it. This time, passing by some people, he heard them saying among themselves, "What a couple of fools those two are! Imagine walking when they have a donkey they could ride."</p>
<p>This time Goha was at a loss. Finally, after a lot of thought, he said to his son,"Come along, let's carry the donkey between us."</p> 
<p>So they lifted up the donkey and began carrying it along the road. As they were staggering along, some people saw them and burst out laughing. "Look at those two madmen," they said, "carrying the donkey instead of riding on it!"</p>
<p>So they put the donkey down and Goha said to his son, "You must know, my son, that whatever you do in this life, you will never please everyone."</p>
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        </div><!-- end element-set --><div class="item-file image-jpeg"><a class="download-file" href="/files/download/463/fullsize"><img src="/files/display/463/square_thumbnail" class="thumb" alt="Goha Gives His Son a Lesson About People [Joke]" width="250" height="250"/>
</a></div>]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jun 2010 02:39:56 +0000</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[Sumerian School Days [Text and Object]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/408</link>
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    <h2>Dublin Core</h2>
        <div id="dublin-core-title" class="element">
        <h3>Title</h3>
                                    <div class="element-text">Sumerian School Days [Text and Object]</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>This tablet, from ancient Sumeria (as early as 2000 B.C.E.), details a day in the life of a school boy. Students learned by copying lessons on clay tablets, memorizing the lessons, and then reciting them for the school's headmaster (the "school father") or other teachers, monitors, and proctors of the school.</p>
<p>The composition translated here, about a day in the life of a budding scribe, was evidently widely known, because scholars pieced together its full text over a period of 40 years (from 1909 to 1949) using 21 tablets and fragments excavated at various places from ancient Mesopotamian sites. The largest fragment (shown here) came from the Sumerian sacred city of Nippur, in present-day Iraq.</p>
<p>The young scribe-in-training described here is repeatedly caned by his teachers for failing to memorize his lessons and for disciplinary problems. The boy then asks his parents to invite the headmaster to their house and to provide him with wine, food, and gifts. Noah Kramer, the scholar whose translation appears here, described it as "the first recorded case of 'apple-polishing' in the history of man." The strategy apparently worked because by the end of the dinner, the headmaster praises the young man to Nidaba, the Sumerian goddess of writing, and predicts that he will become the foremost student in the school.</p> 

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                                    <div class="element-text">Samuel Noah Kramer, "Schooldays:  A Sumerian Composition Relating to the Education of a Scribe," <em>Journal of the American Oriental Society</em> 69, vol. 4 (Oct-Dec 1949): 199-215.  Kramer's extended commentary is also in his book, <em>History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine Firsts in Recorded History</em> (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981), 3–13. Image: <em>The largest fragment of the text</em>, at the University Museum of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (p. 215, Kramer, "Schooldays"). Annotated by Susan Douglass.</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>"Schoolboy, where did you go from earliest days?"<br />
"I went to school."<br />
"What did you do in school?"<br />
"I read my tablet, ate my lunch,<br />
prepared my tablet, wrote it, finished it; then<br />
my prepared lines were prepared for me<br />
(and in) the afternoon, my hand copies were prepared for me.<br />
Upon the school's dismissal, I went home,<br />
Entered the house, (there) was my father sitting.</p>

<p>I spoke to my father of my hand copies, then<br />
Read the tablet to him, (and) my father was pleased;<br />
Truly I found favor with my father.<br />
"I am thirsty, give me drink,<br />
I am hungry, give me bread,<br />
Wash my feet, set up the bed, I want to go to sleep;<br />
Wake me early in the morning,<br />
I must not be late, (or) my teacher will cane me."<br />
When I awoke early in the morning,<br />
I faced my mother, and<br />

Said to her: "Give me my lunch, I want to go to school."<br />
My mother gave me two "rolls," I left her;<br />
My mother gave me two "rolls," I went to school.<br />
In the tablet-house, the monitor said to me: "Why are you late?" I was<br />
	afraid, my heart beat fast.<br />
I entered before my teacher, took (my) place.<br />
My "school-father" read my tablet to me,<br />
(said) "The. . . is cut off," caned me.<br />
I. . . d to him lunch. . . lunch.<br />
The teacher in supervising the school duties,<br />
Looked into house and street in order to pounce upon some one, (said) "Your. . . is not. . .," caned me.</p>

<p>My "school-father" brought me my tablet.<br />
What was in charge of the courtyard said "Write," . . . a peaceful place.<br />
I took my tablet,. . .<br />
I write my tablet,. . . my. . . <br />
Its unexamined part my. . . does not know.<br />
Who was in charge of . . . (said) "Why when I was not here did you talk?" caned me.
Who was in charge of the. . . (said) "Why when I was not here did you not keep your head high?"<br /> caned me.<br />
Who was in charge of drawing (said) "Why when I was not here did you stand up?"
	caned me.<br />
Who was in charge of the gate (said) "Why when I was not here did you go out?"
	caned me.<br />
Who was in charge of the. . . (said) "Why when I was not here did you take the. . .?"
	caned me.</p>

<p>Who was in charge of the Sumerian (said) "You spoke. . .," caned me.<br />
My teacher (said) "Your hand is not good," caned me.<br />
I neglected the scribal art, [I forsook] the scribal art,<br />
My teacher did not. . .,<br />
… d me his skill in the scribal art.<br />
The. . . of words, the art of being a young scribe,<br />
the. . . of the art of being a big brother, let no one. . . to school."<br />
"Give me his gift, let him direct the way to you,<br />
let him put aside counting and accounting;<br />
the current school affairs</p>

<p>the schoolboys will. . ., verily they will. . . me."<br />
To that which the schoolboy said, his father gave heed.<br />
The teacher was brought from school;<br />
having entered the house, he was seated in the seat of honor.<br />
The schoolboy took the … , sat down before him;<br />
whatever he had learned of the scribal art,<br />
he unfolded to his father.<br />
His father, with joyful heart<br />
says joyfully to his "school-father":<br />
"You 'open the hand' of my young one, you make of him an expert,</p>

<p>show him all the fine points of the scribal art.<br />
You have shown him all the more obvious details of the tablet-craft, of counting
	and accounting,<br />
You have clarified for him all the more recondite details of the. . ."<br />
"Pour out for him … like good wine, bring him a stand,<br />
make flow the good oil in his. . .-vessel like water,<br />
I will dress him in a (new) garment, present him a gift, put a band [a ring] about
	his hand."<br />
They pour out for him. . . like good date-wine, brought him a stand,<br />
made flow the good oil in his. . .-vessel like water,<br />
he dressed him in a (new) garment, gave him a gift, put a band about his hand.<br />
The teacher with joyful heart gave speech to him:</p>

<p>"Young man, because you did not neglect my word, did not forsake it,<br />
May you reach the pinnacle of the scribal art, achieve it completely.<br />
Because you gave me that which you were by no means obliged (to give),<br />
you presented me with a gift over and above my earnings, have shown me great
	honor,<br />
may Nidaba, the queen of the guardian deities, be your guardian deity,<br />
may she show favor to your fashioned reed,<br />
may she take all evil from your hand copies.<br />
Of your brothers, may you be their leader,<br />
Of your companions, may you be their chief,<br />
May you rank the highest of (all) the schoolboys,</p>

<p>. . . who come from the royal house.<br />
Young man, you "know" a father, I am second to him,<br />
I will give speech to you, will decree (your) fate:<br />
Verily your father and [mother] will support you in this matter,<br />
As [that] which is Nidaba's, as that which is thy god's, they will present
	offerings and prayers to her;<br />
the teacher, as that which is your father's verily will pay homage to you;<br />
in the … of the teacher, in the … of the big brother,<br />
your … whom you have established,<br />
your manly [kinfolk] verily will show you favor.<br />
You have carried out well the school duties, have become a man of learning.</p>

<p>Nidaba, the queen of the place of learning, you have exalted."<br />
O Nidaba, praise!</p>
</div>
                    </div><!-- end element -->
            <div id="document-item-type-metadata-related-primary-sources" class="element">
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                    <div class="element-text-empty">[no text]</div>
            </div><!-- end element -->
        </div><!-- end element-set --><div class="item-file image-jpeg"><a class="download-file" href="/files/download/433/fullsize">sumerian scribe education.jpg</a></div>]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Feb 2010 05:14:40 +0000</pubDate>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title><![CDATA[Qur'an Verse on Breastfeeding [Religious Text]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/407</link>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Qur&#039;an Verse on Breastfeeding [Religious Text]</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>Among the normative verses of the Qur'an dealing with family life and women's legal rights in marriage, this verse refers to the recommended term of two years for breastfeeding. It is a recommendation rather than a legal requirement upon the woman, but it also protects the woman's right to sustenance and support during this period as an obligation upon the husband or his heirs, in case of his death. The text imposes no compulsion upon the woman to breastfeed her child, but allows that she may require the husband to pay compensation to a wet nurse, or to wean the infant by mutual consent between husband and wife before the end of two years. The verse is from the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, which Muslims believe was revealed to Prophet Muhammad during the 23-year period prior to 632 CE, when he died. The translation, or explanation of the meaning, is by Marmaduke William Pickthall (1875-1936), the first native speaker of English to translate the Qur'an.</p></div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Marmaduke Pickthall, <em>The Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an: Text and Explanatory Translation</em> (New York: Muslim World League, 1977).</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; [that is] for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the [father's] heir is incumbent the like of that [which was incumbent on the father]. If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and [after] consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provided that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.</p>
<p>Qur'an Chapter 2, Verse 33</p>
</div>
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        </div><!-- end element-set -->]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Feb 2010 04:44:05 +0000</pubDate>
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