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    <title><![CDATA[Children and Youth in History]]></title>
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    <pubDate>Wed, 11 Aug 2021 03:25:20 +0000</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Qur'an Verse on Breastfeeding [Religious Text]]]></title>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Qur&#039;an Verse on Breastfeeding [Religious Text]</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>Among the normative verses of the Qur'an dealing with family life and women's legal rights in marriage, this verse refers to the recommended term of two years for breastfeeding. It is a recommendation rather than a legal requirement upon the woman, but it also protects the woman's right to sustenance and support during this period as an obligation upon the husband or his heirs, in case of his death. The text imposes no compulsion upon the woman to breastfeed her child, but allows that she may require the husband to pay compensation to a wet nurse, or to wean the infant by mutual consent between husband and wife before the end of two years. The verse is from the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, which Muslims believe was revealed to Prophet Muhammad during the 23-year period prior to 632 CE, when he died. The translation, or explanation of the meaning, is by Marmaduke William Pickthall (1875-1936), the first native speaker of English to translate the Qur'an.</p></div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Marmaduke Pickthall, <em>The Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an: Text and Explanatory Translation</em> (New York: Muslim World League, 1977).</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; [that is] for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the [father's] heir is incumbent the like of that [which was incumbent on the father]. If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and [after] consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provided that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.</p>
<p>Qur'an Chapter 2, Verse 33</p>
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      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Feb 2010 04:44:05 +0000</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[Phoenician Baby Bottle [Object]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/251</link>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Phoenician Baby Bottle [Object]</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>The Phoenician terracotta vessel features a human face, the nose forming a narrow spout. The bottle is an archaeological find from Carthage, near modern Tunis, dated to 399 BCE-200 BCE. Archaeologists believe this object was a baby bottle. It could have been used to feed diluted wine with honey or other sweet liquid such as juice, milk, or thin porridge, cooked cereal made from ground grain. Such vessels, called <em>guttus</em>, were placed with Greek infant burials of the same period, placed in proximity to the infant's head. Many such examples have been found in at Greek and Phoenician sites, in various forms, such as a <a class="external" href="http://worldart.sjsu.edu/Obj44446?sid=697&x=3627">dog bottle</a> dated to c.300 BCE-64 BCE from Sousse, Tunisia, and a <a class="external" href="http://worldart.sjsu.edu/Obj35336?sid=697&x=3624">pomegranate-shaped Greek bottle</a> from 399 BCE-200 BCE
found in Italy. The whimsical shapes and decorations are appealing to children's appetites. These bottles may also have aided the process of weaning the child from breast milk.</p></div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Ceramic Baby bottle with face. Phoenician, from Carthage. Tunisia. Photo by Kathleen Cohen,  4th c BCE-3rd c BCE. Available online at <a class="external" href="http://worldart.sjsu.edu/Obj44444?sid=697&x=251081"><em>World Image Kiosk</em></a> (s.v. "Punic") (accessed March 31, 2009).</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Susan Douglass</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Ceramic Baby bottle with face; an archaeological find from Carthage, near modern Tunis, dated to 399 BCE-200 BCE. Bottle is thinner than it is tall and roughly circular in profile with a handle and opening at the top with a face illustrated on the front (two eyes and what is likely a mouth, with the nose represented by the spout of the vessel).</div>
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      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2009 02:22:52 +0000</pubDate>
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