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    <title><![CDATA[Children and Youth in History]]></title>
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    <pubDate>Wed, 11 Aug 2021 03:19:32 +0000</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[UNICEF Data on Orphans by Region to 2010 [Chart]]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/293</link>
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                                    <div class="element-text">UNICEF Data on Orphans by Region to 2010 [Chart]</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>The definition of an orphan for statistical purposes is a child under 18 years old who has lost one or both parents. A single orphan is a child who has lost one parent, a double orphan is a child who lost both parents. A maternal orphan is a child whose mother died, while a paternal  orphan has lost the father. Crises such as disease or famine that affect children increase the rate of growth of orphans in the population. For statistical purposes, children are no longer considered orphans after they reach 18 years of age. Therefore, the number of orphans in a population group increases if the number of children losing their parents exceeds the number of orphans turning 18, causing the percentage of orphans in that population to rise also.</p>

<p>The data in the two charts were compiled and published by UNICEF, the United Nations Children’s Fund, drawn from numerous organizations concerned with the global AIDS/HIV epidemic. As the bar graph shows, while the number of orphans in Asia has declined during the period from 1990 to 2010 (the latter based on projections), and has remained fairly stable in Latin America and the Caribbean, there has been a steady increase in the number of orphans in Sub-Saharan Africa. Data is not given for the number of children in Asia who have been orphaned by HIV and other causes, but that figure is likely significant.</p>

<p>Figures for Africa show that in the benchmark years of 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005, the percentage of children orphaned in sub-Saharan African countries as a result of AIDS rose sharply from 1% to 7% to 17% to 25%, and is projected to reach 30% of all orphans by 2010. Among them are over 10 million children who have lost both parents. AIDS is the leading cause of death among adults ages 15-59, and it has produced 12 million orphans in the region. The rates of HIV deaths are not uniform across Sub-Saharan Africa, but are much higher in southern Africa, where as many as 15% of all children are orphans.  Behind these figures is a tremendous toll of human suffering.  Older children may act as caregivers for their parents or siblings who are ill, or grandparents may have to raise their grandchildren. Poor nutrition, inability to attend school, inability to concentrate, emotional trauma and depression are among the most serious effects, and children whose families have been touched by AIDS may also be stigmatized by others, further worsening these effects.</p> 
<p><a class="external" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/images/African_orphans_handout.pdf">Download PDF here.</a></p></div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">The United Nations Children's Fund, <em>Africa's Orphaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children Affected by Aids</em>, "Africas_Orphaned_and_Vulnerable_Generations_Children_Affected_by_AIDS.pdf (application/pdf Object)," <a class="external" href="http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Africas_Orphaned_and_Vulnerable_Generations_Children_Affected_by_AIDS.pdf">http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Africas_Orphaned_and_Vulnerable_Generations_Children_Affected_by_AIDS.pdf</a> (accessed July 14, 2009). Annotated by Susan Douglass.</div>
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        </div><!-- end element-set --><div class="item-file image-jpeg"><a class="download-file" href="/files/download/418/fullsize"><img src="/files/display/418/square_thumbnail" class="thumb" alt="UNICEF Data on Orphans by Region to 2010 [Chart]" width="250" height="250"/>
</a></div><div class="item-file image-jpeg"><a class="download-file" href="/files/download/419/fullsize"><img src="/files/display/419/square_thumbnail" class="thumb" alt="UNICEF Data on Orphans by Region to 2010 [Chart]" width="250" height="250"/>
</a></div>]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Sep 2009 22:26:28 +0000</pubDate>
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      <title><![CDATA[United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)]]></title>
      <link>https://cyh.rrchnm.org/items/show/249</link>
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                                    <div class="element-text">United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">www.unicef.org </div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">UNICEF</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">July 2009</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text"><p>UNICEF—the acronym stands for United Nations Children's Fund—got its initials from its former name  "United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund." It now focuses on the state of children's welfare in all countries on a permanent basis, not only in emergency situations. Accordingly, <a class="external" href="http://www.unicef.org/index.php">UNICEF's website</a> is much more than just an information portal. It is an active part of UNICEF's work, providing data, involving the public, and raising awareness of important global issues affecting children.</p> 

<p>First, the site is a mine of data on children's welfare, with portals for aggregate and country-by-country statistics on child welfare indicators regarding birth, nutrition, education, access to sanitation and disease, to name just a few. Tracking progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) is one of the centerpieces of several United Nations organizations, including UNICEF. A good summary portal is the sidebar link to <a class="external" href="http://www.childinfo.org/">ChildInfo</a>, which highlights UNICEF's flagship publications, <a class="external" href="http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/"><em>The State of the World's Children</em></a> and <a class="external" href="http://www.childinfo.org/files/progress_for_children_maternalmortality.pdf"><em>Progress for Children</em></a>, and also provides quick links to individual statistical indicators as well as data collection initiatives such as Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys / MICS3, household surveys in individual countries.</p> 
<p>The site offers an excellent combination of comprehensive presentation of data, explanation of that data, and access through easily downloaded reports, data sets, and attractively presented material in multiple formats. For example, the 2009 <em>The State of the World's Children</em> report mentioned above offers: a download of the entire report; demographic information for the whole world as a spreadsheet document or pdf file; beautiful photographs; and individual charts and graphs. Several other studies are available in this way, through multiple links that allow a user to browse the site by interest areas and still reach all of the important information sources. The site also features a well-organized, user-friendly menu bar similar to an FAQ approach, such as "What We Do," "Why We Do It," "UNICEF People," and others. The graphics are colorful but not cluttered.</p> 
<p>The most extraordinary aspect of the website is the extent to which children themselves are featured in photographs, videos, interviews and other media. The range of countries and issues represented is extraordinarily diverse, putting faces to child abuse programs, youth with disabilities, and many other ways in which youth are advocating for causes and helping themselves and others in concrete ways. These contributions are not poster children eliciting donations, but calls to action and testimony to individual determination and constructive effort. <a class="external" href="http://www.unicef.org/voy/takeaction/takeaction_2332.html">Voices of Youth</a> is a section of the site where youth can gather information on the important issues, learn about UNICEF initiatives that address them, and participate in discussion forums and activities related to these causes. There are several sections here and in other places on the site for video contests, participation in leadership forums with world leaders, youth reports on local initiatives, and <a class="external" href="http://www.unicef.org/people/people_23635.html">digital diaries</a>, artwork displays, and the like. Teachers will find a lot of material here with which to stimulate discussion, research and create lesson material in a wide variety of disciplines.</p> 
<p>A few examples show how the site supports UNICEF's focus on engaging children directly. The "Child-Friendly Report" <a class="external" href="http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/child/injury/world_report/Child_friendly_English.pdf"><em>Have Fun, Be Safe</em></a>  is about everyday safety and injury prevention, addressing standards of living involving rural cooking over open fires, congested cities where children walk and ride bikes in traffic, addressing the full range of human economic and social conditions. The document's chapters on topics such as burns, falls, traffic safety, and poisoning are available separately in five languages that include comic strips, games and illustrated text—perfect for language instruction that provides more than practice texts. The second example is the <a class="external" href="http://www.unicef.org/voy/takeaction/takeaction_4002.html">Unite for Child Survival, Radio Drama Contest</a>, which emphasizes the wide access of radio over other media and engages children's creativity to reinforce messages about children's health and welfare. Digital Diaries on the <a class="external" href="http://www.unicef.org/voy/takeaction/takeaction_2332.html">Voices of Youth</a> section of the UNICEF site include input from children who would otherwise be unheard and invisible, such as <a class="external" href="http://www.unicef.org/voy/takeaction/takeaction_2146.html">Yemetu youth speak out on water and sanitation</a>.</p> 
<p>Teachers of modern history and regional or world geography will find a wealth of primary sources on this site that can contribute to filling in a realistic picture of children's situations and the economic, public health, scientific, social, cultural, and political issues that affect them, as well as initiatives of remarkable creativity that are currently being employed to address them. There is much material to use here for comparison with earlier global development efforts, historical situations that helped create these complex challenges, and much to draw upon for engaging discussion and inviting participation.</p>
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                                    <div class="element-text">Susan Douglass</div>
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                                    <div class="element-text">UNICEF’s website is much more than just an information portal. It is an active part of UNICEF’s work, providing data, involving the public, and raising awareness of important global issues affecting children.</div>
                    </div><!-- end element -->
        </div><!-- end element-set --><div class="item-file image-jpeg"><a class="download-file" href="/files/download/176/fullsize"><img src="/files/display/176/square_thumbnail" class="thumb" alt="United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)" width="250" height="250"/>
</a></div>]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2009 18:42:41 +0000</pubDate>
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